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出处:郭崇兴 (10 : 175)

郭崇兴图书网 www.gcxbook.com

19
Thu, 27 Dec 2007 16:

1. Thus,a regularity for which there are general theoretical grounds will be more readily called a natural law than an empirical regularity that cannot be subsumed under more general laws or theories.

结构分析:句子的框架是a regularity…will be more readily called a natural law than an empirical regularity…。介词for加关系代词which引导定语从句修饰a regularity。an empirical regularity后又有定语从句that cannot be subsumed under more general laws or theories修饰。grounds意为“根据,理由”;subsume意为“把…归入,纳入”。

译文:因此,与一条不能被归入更普遍的法则或理论而是基于经验的规律相比,一条具有普遍理论依据支持的规律很可能被认可为一条自然法则。

2. It is because of the close association in most people’s minds of tools with man that special attention has always been focused upon any animal able to use an object as a tool,but it is important to realize that this ability,on its own,does not necessarily indicate any special intelligence in the creature concerned.

结构分析:句子的框架是It is because of…that…,but it is important to realize that…。but连接两个并列句,but前的并列分句为It is…that…强调结构,强调because of引导的状语。but后的并列分句又有that引导的宾语从句做realize的宾语。the close association in most people’s minds of tools with man中注意in most people’s minds把the close association of tools with man(工具与人类的密切联系)分隔开来。两个并列句中分别有able to use an object as a tool和concerned分别做其前面名词animal和the creature的后置定语。man根据上下文在此处指“人类”,而不是“男人”;not necessarily译为“不一定、未必”;on its own意为“独立地,凭自己力量”,在此转译为“就其自身而言”。

译文:正是由于在大多数人头脑中工具与人类联系密切,人类才特别关注有能力把物体当工具使用的任何一种动物。但值得注意的是,这种能力就其自身而言,并不表明这种动物有什么特别的智慧。

3. The point at which tool using and tool making acquire evolutionary significance is surely when an animal can adapt its ability to manipulate objects to a wide variety of purposes,and when it can use an object spontaneously to solve a brand-new problem that without the use of a tool would prove insoluble.

结构分析:句子的框架是The point…is…when…and when…。两个when引导的从句为并列的表语从句。at which tool using and tool making acquire evolutionary significance为定语从句修饰主语the point;第二个when引导的表语从句中也有that引导的定语从句修饰a brand-new problem。ability to manipulate objects译为“操纵物体的能力”;…a brand-new problem that without the use of a tool would prove insoluble中without和insoluble为双重否定可译成肯定句。

译文:当一种动物能够使自己操纵物体的能力适用于更广泛的目标范围,并且能够自发地使用物体解决只有通过工具才能解决的崭新问题时,工具的使用和制造就肯定达到了具有进化意义的阶段。

4. It was the desire to be scholarly that brought about a wave of Latin terms which appeared in the 16th century when the humanist movement brought new impetus to learning throughout Europe.

结构分析:句子的框架是It was the desire…that brought about a wave…。it is…that…是强调句型,强调主语the desire to be scholarly。关系代词which引导定语从句,修饰Latin terms;关系副词when引导定语从句,修饰century。句中scholarly做“博学多才”讲;humanist movement译为“人文主义运动”;impetus意为“动力,促进”。

译文:在16世纪的时候,人文主义运动促进了欧洲各国的学术运动,人们都想显示自己的博学多才,从而出现了一股使用拉丁字词的潮流。

5. So don’t be surprised if you never encounter some of the expressions that still appear in school textbooks; and next time you hear somebody using a strange word you haven’t heard before,you can comfort yourself that there may well be a native speaker somewhere who doesn’t know it either.

结构分析:句子的框架是…don’t be surprised if you…;and next time…,you can comfort yourself that…。分号连接两个并列分句。在前面句子中,if引导状语从句;关系代词that引导定语从句,修饰expressions。在后面句子中,you hear…是省略了关系副词when的定语从句,修饰next time; you haven’t heard before又是省略了关系代词which的定语从句,修饰strange word;主句是you can comfort yourself that…,这里的that引导宾语从句,而关系代词who引导定语从句,修饰native speaker。may和well连用表示有充分的理由,译为“(完全)能,(很)可能”。

译文:因此,如果在某些教科书里你碰到某些词组是你从未见过的,你不必惊讶。如果下次你听到有人用一个你以前从未听到过的新词,你可以这样安慰自己说,很可能在什么地方有一个讲英语的本地人也不认识这个字呢!

6. Despite the saying that one never knows if lightning strikes him,a person can sometimes feel the bolt coming and if

16
Fri, 23 Nov 2007 11:

2008年考研英语小作文可能考什么

2005年开始,小作文(即考研英语写作A部分)已经进行了三次考试。2005年是辞职信,2006年是请求信,2007年是建议信,那2008年呢?

一般而言,应用文一般分为公务信函和其他应用文。公务信函可以分为求职信(Letters of Applying for a Job)、辞职信(Letters of Resignation)、留学和奖金申请信(Letters of Applying for Admittance and Scholarship)、询问信(Letters of Inquiry)、投诉信(Letters of )等;其他应用文包括告示与通知(Notice and Announcement)、便条(Note)、备忘录(Memo)

根据三年内一般不重复的原则,2005年到2007年的三种类型的公务信函一般不会再考,可能会考的是余下的类型,下面,就可能考的求职信和询问信作简单的介绍。其他类型的模版,考生可以参考北京文都考研信息中心编辑的小册子《考研英语考前写作必备手册》。

求职信

通常包含三个部分:引言部分写明写信原因、具体谋求的职位、获得信息的来源(如:报纸广告、熟人介绍、网站等);发展部分叙述自己能够胜任该职位所具备的条件,包括教育北京、工作经历、社会事件等。这部分内容要具体,不要空洞游说或者列举,要用事实说服。结尾部分主要是客套语,如请求及时回信、希望当面面谈、提供进一步接触的联系方式或指出附件中有相关的文件等。

 求职信的语言应该严谨、规范、得体。下面提供一个求职信的模板,供广大考生参考。

Dear Sir or Madam:

    I am writing to apply for the post of …advertised in …

I am now a senior student in (Department )of (University),and I expect to graduate in (date) with a degree in (discipline).I was awarded the prize of (title) in (time ) for (performance in etc )

   Or 〔Since graduation ,I have been working in ( name of company  ) as(job title ). 〕

I am confident that my( academic training )has prepared me to handle the job.

 I look forward to discussing opportunities with you .I will call you to make sure you have received my resume and to set up a mutually agreeable time for us to speak.

 

                                                   Yours truly

                                                    (LI MING)

询问信

询问信可以分为三大部分:引言部分自我介绍并讲明询问目的。发展部分是询问的主要内容,如果包括多个方面,为了让对方一目了然,也便于回答,在内容的安排上应该简明扼要,可以用数字列出具体问题,如first, second, third or 1、2、3。结尾部分真诚地感谢对方。

由于询问有可能给对方带来麻烦,所以措辞要谦虚、诚恳。下面提供一个询问信的模板,供广大考生参考。

 

Dear Sir or Madam:

  As a student  in (university ) ,   I am preparing for….Your answers to the question would help me …

   Could you please send me the relevant information and application form?

  Your answer will contribute to my project .

  I would appreciate receiving your answer by …(time ).to the following address:

  (Name

  Address

  City post code )

12
Thu, 22 Nov 2007 09:

            考研冲刺阶段英语阅读复习应该怎么安排

考研到了冲刺阶段,时间不仅紧张,而且额外的宝贵!英语阅读方面的复习应该怎么安排,我的观点是十六字“精读为主,泛读为辅;真题为主,模拟为辅”。大家在英语方面的复习也到了真正的“黄金”期。可能以前大家的努力倾向于加强和巩固基础,现在呢,应该是针对性的为了考试而做必要的准备训练了。阅读方面尤其重要。

  精读为主,泛读为辅:

  什么时候都不能放弃精读,精读能帮我们培养理解文章、分析句子,甚至记忆单词的作用。考研英语中的大头是阅读,难点同样是阅读。只有通过精读才能有效提高这种理解文章、分析句子的能力。至于有利于记忆单词,那是因为在一定的的语言环境中去记忆词汇,能加深对该词汇的理解,从而加深记忆。(对那些纯粹背大纲没有什么收获的考生,我认为最好是采用这样的“边读边记”的单词记忆法)。精读的用书可以是新概念的课文、阅读习题。

  有人也许会问:这时候了,还有必要泛读吗?当然有必要的。首先得明确一点,泛读在考前的全过程都是必要的。泛读的作用有二:一,有助于培养阅读习惯,有助于养成英语的思维方式。习惯养成之后,做阅读时就不觉得吃力;二,有助于养成遇到生词不查字典,通过分析上下文猜测词义的习惯和能力,这样的习惯和能力对考试是非常有益的!泛读可供选用的材料可以是一切英语文章,包括杂志、报纸以及英语学习网站上的英语文章。

  真题为主,模拟为辅:

  至于这一条,相信很多已经复习到这一步的朋友和我有同感。为什么不能把精力放在模拟题上了?首先我们应该明白一个概念,什么是题海战术。为了提高对某种题型的解答能力,我们常常会在考前就这样的题型做大量的反复训练,这样的训练就是题海战术。很多同学就把模拟题当“题海”了,其实这样的认识是大错特错的!模拟题和考研试题命题和解答思维根本就不是一致的!所以那些想通过做模拟题以达到提高考研英语阅读的解答能力的想法是幼稚的!所以我们应该把精力和复习的重点放在真题上。只是必要的时候看看模拟题就可以了!

17
Wed, 14 Nov 2007 09:

 

胸有成足——面对2008考研冲刺阶段的情绪调节

2008119-20日,是中国130多万考研学子企盼已久而又不敢直面的日子,毕竟,在这两天将要决定130多万考生的命运和将来。所以,这个日子对于考生来说意味着希望,也同时意味着恐惧。

     随着时间的渐渐临近,百万考研学子的情绪渐渐变得越来越复杂了。有的准备充分,心情舒畅,在静静等待考试的到来;有的尚欠火候,还在忙着上各种培训班,紧张而有序;有的基础较差,时间准备又不够,看着那么多的资料和书籍,开始渐渐焦躁不安,越来越情绪化。所以我们将考生现在的情绪何心情分为下面几个类型:1、胸有成竹型;2、喜忧参半型;3、焦躁盲目型。不同的心情,不同感受,不同的结果。考研需要有它本身需要的心情和状态,如果不能将自己的状态调整到合适的状态,就不能发挥自己最大的潜能并实现自己的人生理想。

    首先看胸有成竹型。这类同学往往是准备比较早,手中掌握的资料和信息比较充分,自己也比较努力,方法也比较对路,所以自我感觉非常好,对于将来的考试充满了必胜的信心,已经开始想象着自己参加复试或是被录取的场景。但是,虽然这类同学最后取得考试胜利的可能性比较大,但是也是可能会出现问题的。如果对于自己的考研准备过于自

17
Mon, 12 Nov 2007 10:

                 考研阅读的最高境界之一:文章词义巧破解

   词汇的理解对考研阅读的意义不言而喻。但个别词不认识并不妨碍理解,有时遇到生词还要学会跳过去。除了其他破解词义的方法外,根据上下文的线索寻找同义结构是一个很有效的方法。所谓同义结构,就是意义相同的结构。对文章中的一个部分不理解时,可以根据这一部分的上下文判断意义。上下文有时和不理解的部分构成同义关系,上下文的意义就是不理解部分的意义。如何判断两个部分是同义结构呢?一般而言,同义结构常出现于结构相同或相似的两个部分。也就是说,假如文章中的一个部分与上文的一个部分结构相同,那么它们对应的部分的意义可能相似。例如,如果一个部分是动宾结构,上文也是动宾结构,而动词部分的意义一样,那么对应的两个宾语意义可能也一样。如果一个部分是修饰语+核心名词,上文也是修饰语+核心名词,而核心名词的意义一样,那么对应的修饰语意义可能也一样。此外,作者常喜欢以不同的词表达文章的核心概念,这些词构成同义关系,以表达同一概念。下面以2007年考研阅读第一篇文章为例说明如何根据同义结构把握词义。

If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feedthe World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced. (第一段)

[分析] 同义结构:you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk= you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced,其中quirk=strange phenomenon,noteworthy=pronounced。同义结构的两个部分都是句子的主句:主语+谓语+宾语——you would…find…; you would find…,它们的主谓部分都一样,根据上述理论——相似结构的意义可能相似,那么宾语部分a noteworthy quirk与this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced的意义可能相同。

 

What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above. (第二段)

[分析] 同义结构:soccer-mad=soccer mania。同义结构的两个部分是修饰语+核心词,修饰语soccer相同,那么核心词mad与mania的意义可能相同。

 

This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.

Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made, not born.(第四段、第五段)

[分析] 同义结构:genetically determined=intuitive=inborn=born;cognitive=encode=practice=made。作者常用同义词或近义词表达文中的核心概念。对于文中的一对核心概念, “made” 与“born”,作者以上述不同词汇进行了表达。

 

 

21
Tue, 6 Nov 2007 12:2

 

英语文化陷阱

英语学习专家提醒:英语学习重在运用,要动起来, be active in your study!对于下面的这些资料,请不要仅仅是看闹热,或一时兴起,而是要重在坚持!英语学习没有捷径,只有一步一个脚印!这是关于英语文化陷阱的学习,重点在于运用于真实语境中来领悟其用法!

1. You have matches

最近我有一次机会登上一艘豪华游轮观光。一次, 我在酒吧台拿了两杯鸡尾酒回房间享受,途中遇到一位女士,她看看我后笑着说:“You have matches我一愣,回答说:很抱歉,我十五年前就戒烟了,所以没有火柴。她立刻会意到我误解了她的意思,好像是有点抱歉的说:“Its a joke.” 然后,我们就相互尴尬的笑了笑,走开了。事后和朋友在吃晚饭的时候聊天,我趁机向一个美国朋友请教白天的那句话,他解释说:因为她看你两手都占着,就故意开玩笑跟你要火柴,这是个非常普通的笑话,非但没有恶意,反而是想问你需不需要帮忙。(摘自《世界日报》)

2. Turn the table

一位亲戚和妻子失和到了要离婚的地步。几天前接到亲戚电话,说他们在走进律师楼之前,先去求助于心理和婚姻问题专家。夫妇俩心平气和地坐下来谈了好多次,互相之间多了一份理解,少了一份猜疑、埋怨,结果化干戈为玉帛。说简单也简单,就这么拯救了这场婚姻。我打心眼里为他们高兴,把这一消息告诉了同样也认识他们的一位美国朋友。这位朋友挺激动的,连连说着“感谢上帝,感谢上帝”,她还补充了一句“He turned the table”。

   <

13
Fri, 2 Nov 2007 15:5

 

31. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back.

[参考译文一些机构终于松了一口气,但是其他一些机构,包括教堂,倡导生命之权的团体和澳大利亚医学协会,尖锐地抨击这个法案,指责法案的通过过于匆忙。但是大势已定,不可逆转。

  32. In Australiawhere an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their partother states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.

[参考译文在澳大利亚--人口老龄化,延长寿命的技术和变化看的社会态度,这些因素都在发挥作用一其他的州也会考虑制定相似的关于安乐死的法律。

  33. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.

[参考译文当然,例外是存在的。在美国,心胸狭窄的官员,粗鲁的传者,和没有 礼貌的出租车司机也并不少见。然而人们常常得出这样的观察意见,这使得它值得被讨论一下。

  34. We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.

[参考译文我们生活在一种药品(毒品)的医学用途和社会用途都很广泛的社会里:一片用来止头痛的阿斯匹林,一些用来社交的葡萄酒,早上自己提神所喝的咖啡,一支用来定神的香烟。

  35. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.

[参考译文对药品的依赖性首先表现为不断增长的耐药量,要产生想得到的效果所 需要的药品剂量越来越大,然后表现为当停止用药后,令人不快的停药症状的出现。

  36. Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?”

[参考译文上星期参议员罗博特多尔质问时代华纳公司的高级管理人员们:难道这就是你们希望能够成就的事业?你们已经出卖了自己的灵魂,但是难道 你们还非要腐化我们的国家,威胁我们的孩子们吗?”

  37. “The test of any democratic society, he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column”, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be...”

[参考译文]  “对任何一个民主社会的考验,他在《华尔街杂志》的一个专栏文章中写到,“不在于它能够多有效地控制各种意见的表达,而在于这个社会是 否能给予思考和表达的尽可能广泛的自由,不管有时候这种结果是多么 的富有争议或令人不快

  38. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s stockholders’ meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society’s ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.

[参考译文

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Tue, 30 Oct 2007 10:

 

强调句用法

强调句是一种修辞,是人们为了表达自己的意愿或情感而使用的一种形式。强调句型是考试中经常考到的一个语法点,下面对它的几种结构作一个归纳:

  1.用助动词“dodoesdid)+动词原形来表示强调:

  He does know the place well.他的确很熟悉这个地方。

  Do write to me when you get there.你到那儿后务必给我来信。

  2.用形容词veryonlysinglesuch等修饰名词或形容词来加强语气:

  That's the very textbook we used last term.这正是我们上学期用过的教材。

  You are the only person here who can speak Chinese.你是这里唯一会讲汉语的人。

Not a single person has been in the shop this morning

今天上午这个商店里连一个人都没有。

  How dare you buy such expensive jewels?你怎么敢买这么贵的宝石呢?

  3.用everneververyjust等副词和badlyhighlyreally等带有-l y的副词来进行强调:

  Why ever did you do so?你究竟为什么要这么做?

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