1. Thus，a regularity for which there are general theoretical grounds will be more readily called a natural law than an empirical regularity that cannot be subsumed under more general laws or theories.
结构分析：句子的框架是a regularity…will be more readily called a natural law than an empirical regularity…。介词for加关系代词which引导定语从句修饰a regularity。an empirical regularity后又有定语从句that cannot be subsumed under more general laws or theories修饰。grounds意为“根据，理由”;subsume意为“把…归入，纳入”。
译文：因此，与一条不能被归入更普遍的法则或理论而是基于经验的规律相比，一条具有普遍理论依据支持的规律很可能被认可为一条自然法则。
2. It is because of the close association in most people’s minds of tools with man that special attention has always been focused upon any animal able to use an object as a tool，but it is important to realize that this ability，on its own，does not necessarily indicate any special intelligence in the creature concerned.
结构分析:句子的框架是It is because of…that…，but it is important to realize that…。but连接两个并列句，but前的并列分句为It is…that…强调结构，强调because of引导的状语。but后的并列分句又有that引导的宾语从句做realize的宾语。the close association in most people’s minds of tools with man中注意in most people’s minds把the close association of tools with man（工具与人类的密切联系）分隔开来。两个并列句中分别有able to use an object as a tool和concerned分别做其前面名词animal和the creature的后置定语。man根据上下文在此处指“人类”，而不是“男人”;not necessarily译为“不一定、未必”;on its own意为“独立地，凭自己力量”，在此转译为“就其自身而言”。
译文：正是由于在大多数人头脑中工具与人类联系密切，人类才特别关注有能力把物体当工具使用的任何一种动物。但值得注意的是，这种能力就其自身而言，并不表明这种动物有什么特别的智慧。
3. The point at which tool using and tool making acquire evolutionary significance is surely when an animal can adapt its ability to manipulate objects to a wide variety of purposes，and when it can use an object spontaneously to solve a brand-new problem that without the use of a tool would prove insoluble.
结构分析:句子的框架是The point…is…when…and when…。两个when引导的从句为并列的表语从句。at which tool using and tool making acquire evolutionary significance为定语从句修饰主语the point;第二个when引导的表语从句中也有that引导的定语从句修饰a brand-new problem。ability to manipulate objects译为“操纵物体的能力”;…a brand-new problem that without the use of a tool would prove insoluble中without和insoluble为双重否定可译成肯定句。
译文：当一种动物能够使自己操纵物体的能力适用于更广泛的目标范围，并且能够自发地使用物体解决只有通过工具才能解决的崭新问题时，工具的使用和制造就肯定达到了具有进化意义的阶段。
4. It was the desire to be scholarly that brought about a wave of Latin terms which appeared in the 16th century when the humanist movement brought new impetus to learning throughout Europe.
结构分析:句子的框架是It was the desire…that brought about a wave…。it is…that…是强调句型，强调主语the desire to be scholarly。关系代词which引导定语从句,修饰Latin terms;关系副词when引导定语从句,修饰century。句中scholarly做“博学多才”讲;humanist movement译为“人文主义运动”;impetus意为“动力,促进”。
译文：在16世纪的时候，人文主义运动促进了欧洲各国的学术运动，人们都想显示自己的博学多才，从而出现了一股使用拉丁字词的潮流。
5. So don’t be surprised if you never encounter some of the expressions that still appear in school textbooks; and next time you hear somebody using a strange word you haven’t heard before，you can comfort yourself that there may well be a native speaker somewhere who doesn’t know it either.
结构分析:句子的框架是…don’t be surprised if you…;and next time…，you can comfort yourself that…。分号连接两个并列分句。在前面句子中，if引导状语从句;关系代词that引导定语从句，修饰expressions。在后面句子中，you hear…是省略了关系副词when的定语从句，修饰next time; you haven’t heard before又是省略了关系代词which的定语从句，修饰strange word;主句是you can comfort yourself that…，这里的that引导宾语从句，而关系代词who引导定语从句，修饰native speaker。may和well连用表示有充分的理由，译为“（完全）能，（很）可能”。
译文：因此，如果在某些教科书里你碰到某些词组是你从未见过的，你不必惊讶。如果下次你听到有人用一个你以前从未听到过的新词，你可以这样安慰自己说，很可能在什么地方有一个讲英语的本地人也不认识这个字呢!
6. Despite the saying that one never knows if lightning strikes him，a person can sometimes feel the bolt coming and if
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